Impact of Zeolites on the Petroleum and Petrochemical …
5.2.1 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) The early oil cracking processes and its modern version, FCC, are landmarks of the industrial history [76, 77]. The modern process is a complex interplay between catalyst, process engineering and the ever-changing needs of the market.
Process and mechanical design guidelines for FCC …
Table 12.2. Process and mechanical design guidelines for FCC risers. Hydrocarbon residence time. 2 s–3 s based on the riser outlet conditions. Depending on the degree of catalyst back-mixing in the riser, the catalyst residence time is usually 1.5–2.5 times longer than the hydrocarbons. Vapor velocity.
Yuming ZHANG | Professor | Doctor of …
China University of Petroleum - Beijing; College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering ... the spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst is regenerated via coke gasification instead of ...
Immobilization of vanadium and nickel in spent fluid catalytic cracking
1. Introduction. Spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC) catalysts are a solid waste generated by deactivation, carbon deposition, and heavy metal poisoning in petroleum fluidized cracking production (Cerqueira et al., 2008; Marafi and Stanislaus, 2003; Rodriguez et al., 2013).About 700,000 to 900,000 tons of SFCC catalysts are …
(PDF) Structure and Properties of Phosphate-Based …
the concentration of phosphoric acid has a significant effect on the mechanical properties. ... Spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst is a waste from oil industry generated in very high ...
Catalytic Cracking of Crude Oil: Mini Review of Catalyst …
The role of catalyst formulation in modulating the light olefin selectivity in crude oil catalytic cracking, such as the addition of ZSM-5 additives, and tuning of zeolite porosity, zeolite Si/Al ...
Fluid catalytic cracking technology: current status and …
1. Introduction The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a secondary refining process used primarily for conversion of the high-boiling, high-molecular weight fractions
Catalytic Cracking
Catalytic cracking tests were performed at a MAT (microactivity test) unit [5] with a RE-USY base catalyst and two blends respectively containing 11 wt.% sample I and the mechanical mixture added to the RE-USY base catalyst (overall concentration of additive 10 wt.%, ZSM-5 concentration 3.05 wt.%). The preparation of the RE-USY base catalyst ...
Exploring free energy profile of petroleum thermal cracking …
Understanding the mechanisms of petroleum thermal cracking is critical to develop more efficient and eco-friendly petroleum cracking processes. Asphaltenes are the main component of petroleum subjected to cracking processes. Thermal cracking mechanisms of petroleum were explored by computational methods using 1,2 …
Cracking Crude oil-Petroleum Refining: Types, Processes, …
FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) is a process that converts high boiling point, high molecular weight crude oil into various petroleum products such as gasoline, olefinic acid, and others. Catalytic cracking was itself improved in the 1940s with the use of fluidized or moving beds of powdered catalyst.
Cracking Of Petroleum-Meaning And Types Of Cracking
Catalytical cracking. This cracking is done in the presence of catalyst. The temperature and pressure are comparatively low. Catalysts used for cracking. Typical catalyst used for this purpose is the mixture of silica (SiO 2) and alumina (Al 2 O 3). The mixture of these two substances give us aluminum silicates.
Zeolite Catalysts | FSC 432: Petroleum Refining
Zeolite Catalysts. One of the significant developments in FCC practice was the introduction of zeolite catalysts in 1965. Catalysts and additives play a major role in the selectivity and flexibility of FCC processes. FCC catalyst consists of a fine powder with an average particle size of 60–75 μm and a size distribution ranging from 20 to ...
The effect of waste oil-cracking catalyst on the compressive …
The improvement in the mechanical properties of mortars is attributed to the increase in the hydrated cement paste itself and, more importantly, improved bonds between the cement paste and aggregate. ... Epcat, one of the spent FCC catalysts from oil-cracking refineries, shows pozzolanic activity from both DSC and XRD analyses of …
Alkali activated materials based on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst
The fluid catalytic cracking catalyst used in petroleum cracking process contains largely spherical or spheroidal shape particles. Its diameter ranges from 100 to 20 µm (Payá et al., 1999 ...
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) in Petroleum Refining
They commercialized the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in 3 years, starting in 1939 and culminating in 1942 with the start-up of PCLA#1 at their Baton Rouge, Louisiana refinery. The inherent superiority of the fluid process to transfer both heat and catalyst ultimately made it the catalytic cracking process of choice.
Catalytic Cracking Catalysts
Catalytic cracking is one of the most important processes in a modern refinery. It is the most economic way to convert low-value crude oil fractions into more valuable products and it has been ...
(PDF) HZSM-5 Catalyst for Cracking Palm Oil to Gasoline
Roesyadi et al. (2013) conducted research into gasoline coconut oil cracking catalyst using HZSM-5 without impregnation and the impregnation of metal copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni). The catalytic ...
Geopolymers based on spent catalyst residue from a fluid …
Section snippets Materials. Spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst was supplied by BP Oil España (Castellon, Spain), and prior to activation was subjected to a mechanical treatment using a ball mill (Mill-2 Gabrielli) for 20 min to increase its reactivity [12], [26].Fig. 1 shows the destruction of the spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst …
Waste petroleum fluid catalytic cracking catalysts as a raw …
The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the major catalytic processes in petroleum refineries that are responsible for the majority of gasoline production [1, 2].About 50% of the total transportation fuel and around 35% of the total gasoline is produced through FCC [3].Besides gasoline production, the process is also …
Synthesis and performance evaluation of hydrocracking catalysts…
The porosity of catalysts in cracking reactions is, in general, of great significance in determining the effectiveness and preference of one catalyst over the other. ... of binders to the catalyst also has various effects on the performance of hydrocracking as they change the overall catalyst's mechanical and thermal characteristics, acidity ...
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC): Catalysts and Additives
The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is the primary hydrocarbon conversion unit in the modern petroleum refinery. It uses heat and catalyst to convert a variety of high molecular weight feed types (eg, gas oils, cracked gas oils, deasphalted gas oils, and atmospheric/vacuum resids) into lighter, more valuable products such as gasoline, light …
Chemistry of Catalytic Cracking | FSC 432: Petroleum …
The formation of branched-chain alkanes, or iso-alkanes, leads to the production of gasoline with high octane numbers. This is the fundamental reason why catalytic cracking has replaced thermal cracking as the central process in a refinery geared to maximize gasoline production. A high octane number of gasoline is needed for current spark ...
The Role of Zeolite Catalysis in Modern Petroleum Refining …
The production volume of cracking catalysts is more than 850 thousand tons/year [16, 17], which makes it the most widely used catalyst in petroleum refining. A modern cracking catalyst is a multifunctional material based on zeolites Y and ZSM-5, distributed in an oxide or aluminosilicate matrix. A cracking catalyst is a very high-tech …
Fluid catalytic cracking process description—converter section
Fluid catalytic cracking is one of the most important conversion processes in a petroleum refinery. The process incorporates most phases of chemical engineering fundamentals, such as fluidization, kinetic, mass/heat transfer as well as distillation. The heart of the process is the reactor-regenerator section, where most of the innovations …
Petroleum Cracking & Knocking Questions and Answers
Applied Chemistry Questions and Answers – Cracking and Knocking of Petroleum. This set of Applied Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on "Cracking and Knocking of Petroleum". 1. Octane number is a rating of ___________. a) petrol knocking. b) diesel knocking.
Technology Use in Traditional Industries: Catalysts for Petroleum …
Cracking catalyst's matrix must ensure the catalyst has the necessary basic properties: high mechanical strength, primary cracking of the raw material's heavy component (the matrix's adjustable activity to process vacuum gas-oil with high-end boiling point (up to 600 °С)), efficient heat removal from zeolite crystals during the catalyst ...
Gels | Free Full-Text | Structure and Properties of Phosphate …
As a common industrial by-product, the spend fluid catalytic-cracking (SFCC) catalyst was used to prepare phosphate-based geopolymer for the first time. The structure and property of geopolymer with phosphoric acid concentration ranging from 6 to 14 mol/L was characterized by compressive strength measurements, X-ray powder …
Fluid catalytic cracking technology: current status and …
The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology is one of the pillars of the modern petroleum industry which converts the crude oil fractions into many commodity fuels and platform chemicals, such ...
Simulation of a Large-Scale FCC Riser Using a Combination …
Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) is the most used process for converting heavy oil into more valuable fuels and chemical products such as gasoline and propylene. A three-dimensional reactive gas–particle CFD model was built to study the hydrodynamics, heat transfer, and cracking reaction behaviors within an industrial FCC riser reactor. The …
Mechanical and microstructural characterization of …
According to relevant data [1], the domestic primary refining capacity will exceed 900 million tons by 2020, and each ton of crude oil refining will produce 0.354 kg of waste catalyst. The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst is occupied about 68.9% of the total amount of refining catalyst [2].